STRUKTUR FRASA, KLAUSA, KALIMAT DAN CONTOH-CONTOHNYA



Sentence Clause Structure

·         In grammar, clause structure refers to the classification of sentences based on the number and kind of clauses in their syntactic structure. Such division is an element of traditional grammar.

·         A simple sentence consists of only one clause. It contains one independent clause and no dependent clause.

Example: English        : I like pumpkin cake.

     Indonesian : Saya suka kue labu kuning.

     Javanese     : Kulo remen roti waluh.

            Example:  I run.

                             (This simple sentence has one IC which contains one subject, I , and one

                              predicate, run).

                             The girl ran into her bedroom.

     (This simple sentence has one independent clause which contains one

      subject,girl, and one predicate, ran into her bedroom. The predicate is a verb

      phrase that consists of more than one word).

            Example: In the backyard, the dog barked and howled at the cat.

                             ( This simple sentence has one IC which contains one subject, dog, and one                                    predicate, barked and howled at the cat.  This predicate has two verbs, known

                             as a compound predicate: barked and howled. This compound verb should not

                             be confused with a compound sentence. In the backyard and at the cat are

                             prepositional phrase).

·         A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. The clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction (with/without a comma). A semicolon that functions as a conjunction, a colon instead of a semicolon between two sentences when the second sentence explains or illustrates the first sentence and no coordinating conjunction is being used to connect the sentences, or a conjunctive adverb preceded by a semicolon. Conjunctions are words such as for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.

Example: English        : I don’t know how to bake, so I buy that cake.

                Indonesian  : Saya tidak tahu memanggang, jadi saya membeli kue itu.

                Javanese      : Kulo mboten saget manggang, dados kulo tumbas  roti meniko.

Example:

§  I started on time, but I arrived late.

§  I will accept your offer or decline it; these are the two options.

§  The war was lost; consequently, the whole country was occupied.



·         A complex sentence has at least one independent clause plus at least one dependent clause.

Example: English        : I enjoyed the pumpkin cake that you bought for me.

                                                Independent Clause     Dependent Clause

                Indonesian  : Aku menikmati kue labu kuning yang kamu bawa untukku.

                Javanese      : Kulo nikmati roti waluh ingkang sampeyan beto kagem kulo.



·         A set of words with no independent clause may be an incomplete sentence, also called a sentence fragment. It is a set of words which doesn’t form a complete sentence, either because it doesn’t express a complete thought or because it lacks some grammatical element, such as a subject or a verb.  

Example: English        :  What a mess.

                Indonesian  :  Sungguh berantakan.

                Javanese      :  Kemproh eram.



Features a noun phrase but no verb. It’s not a grammatically complete clause.



·         A sentence consisting of at least one dependent clause and at least two independent clauses may be called a complex-compound sentence or compound-complex sentence.

Example: English        : The dog lived in the garden, but the cat, that was smarter, lived

                          inside the house. ( The dog lived in the garden and the cat lived

                          inside the house are both independent clauses: that was smarter is

                          a dependent clause.





References:

1. Huddleston, Rodney (1984). Introduction to the Grammar of English.  Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29704-2.

2. Rozakis, Laurie (2003). The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Grammar and Style pp. 167-168. Alpha. ISBN 1-59257-115-8.

3. Sinclair, Christine (2007). Grammar: Getting it Right. McGraw-Hill.  

ISBN 978-0-335-22008-3.

4. H.W. Fowler in Modern English Usage on BUT, p. 60 in the first edition.

5. The Chicago Manual of Style (16th ed.) Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2010. p. 257.

    ISBN 978-0-226-10420-1.

6. Sentence Fragments. Commnet.edu. 20 December 2015.Retrieved 22 March 2014.